Kaliningrad, Kalinigrad, Russian Federation
This paper offers a sociological approach to the recently actualized problems of mental warfare. First, we will list the existing approaches that have determined the further direction of informational and mental confrontation, and then formulate a sociological dimension of mental warfare based on the classical positivist scientific view of society. Next, we consider the social structure, which is a significant cause of disorganization and destabilization of the community, deliberately provoked within the framework of mental warfare. We consider the social system as a system of legitimization of social roles and statuses, institutions and norms of behavior in accordance with values. Next, we analyze norms and values as social filters that correct the operation of the system and protect it from malicious signals. Next, we analyze the main functions of communication: informational, expressive and pragmatic, within the framework of information and psychological warfare, i.e. the tactical level of mental warfare. At the end we focused on the problem of adequate / inadequate understanding as a communicative skill operationalized in the concept of sociomental stratification by T.M.Dridze, which can be used as a basic methodology for studying critical thinking - the most important factor of mental protection.
mental war, semantic war, stratification, inequality, social system, social communication
1. Shkolnikov A.Yu. Essay on Psychohistorical/Mental Wars. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://shkolnikov.info/articles/11-analitika-i-prognozy/106073-ocherk-o-psikhoistoricheskikh-mental-nykh-voynakh (access date 08/28/2023)
2. Hoffman F. Hybrid Warfare and Challenges // JFQ. - 2009. - Issue 52, 1st quarter. - P. 35.
3. Manoilo A.V. Information warfare and psychological operations. Guide to action. - M.: Hotline - Telecom, 2023. - 495 p.
4. Nezhdanov I.Yu. Information warfare technologies on the Internet. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://bash.rosmu.ru/activity/attach/events/1283/01.pdf (access date 08/28/2023)
5. Adamyants T.Z. Communication mechanisms of modern semantic confrontations // Sociological studies. - 2019. - No. 3. - P. 98-105. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250004282-3. - EDN ZADYUP.
6. Lepsky V.E. Methodological and philosophical analysis of the development of management issues / V. E. Lepsky. - M.: Kogito-Center, 2019. - 340 p. - ISBN 978-5-89353-547-1. - EDN RRKGAO.
7. Fursov A.I. Psychohistorical war. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://izborsk-club.ru/2439 (access date 08/28/2023)
8. Pereslegin S.B. History as a subject of management [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/522642 (access date 08.28.2023)
9. Kara-Murza S.G. Manipulation of consciousness. - M.: Rodina, 2022. - 464 p. - ISBN 978-5-00180-783-4.
10. Lefevre V.A. Lectures on the theory of reflexive games / V. A. Lefevre. - M.: Cogito-Center, 2009. - 218 p. - ISBN 978-5-89353-292-0. - EDN RAXUSB.
11. Vysokov I.E. Psychology of cognition: Textbook / I. E. Vysokov. - 1st ed. - Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2019. - 399 p. - (Bachelor and Master. Academic course). - ISBN 978-5-9916-3528-8. - EDN SYLRXU.
12. Luk A.N. Essays on heuristic psychology / A. N. Luk. - Moscow: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2013. - 230 p. - ISBN 978-5-9963-2245-9. - EDN SUMLIF.
13. Ilnitsky A.M. Mental war of Russia // Military thought. - 2021. - No. 8. - P. 19-33. - EDN TDSKIX.
14. Losev A., Ilnitsky A. Why the Russians don’t give up. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://www.pnp.ru/politics/pochemu-russkie-ne-sdayutsya.html (access date 08/28/2023)
15. Yanovsky O. Project "Wasp Swarm". [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://zavtra.ru/blogs/proekt_osinij_roj (access date 08/28/2023)
16. Claverie B., Cluzel F. The Cognitive Warfare Concept // Innovation Hub Sponsored by NATO Allied Command Transformation. - 2022. - P. 2022-02. URL: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/CW%20article%20Claverie%20du%20Cluzel%20final_0.pdf (data dostupa 29.08.2023)
17. NATO REVIEW. Protivokognitivnaya bor'ba: osvedomlennost' i ustoychivost'. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/ru/articles/2021/05/20/protivokognitivnaya-bor-ba-osvedomlennost-i-ustojchivost/index.html (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
18. NATO Symposium. Cognitive Warfare: The Future of Cognitive Dominance. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Cognitive%20Warfare%20Symposium%20-%20ENSC%20-%20March%202022%20Publication.pdf (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
19. Bernal A., Carter C., Singh I., Cao K., Madreperla O. (2020). Cognitive Warfare An attack on truth and thought. URL: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Cognitive%20Warfare.pdf (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
20. Sweijs T., Osinga F., Zilincik S., Vorm M., Wiltenburg I., Torossian B. The NATO Warfighting Capstone Concept: Key Insights from the Global Expert Symposium Summer 2020 / Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26765 (data dostupa 28.08.2023).
21. Beauchamp-Mustafaga N. Chinese Next-Generation Psychological Warfare: The Military Applications of Emerging Technologies and Implications for the United States, RAND Corporation, RR-A853-1. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA853-1.html (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
22. Makarov E.B. Mental and cognitive wars: questions of definition, goals and means // Information wars. - 2023. - No. 2(66). - P. 2-7. - EDN RTGEFL.
23. Mills C.R. Sociological imagination. M.: Publishing House Nota Bene, 2001. - 264 p. - ISBN: 5-8188-0033-4.
24. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: General course: Textbook for universities. M.: PERSE; Logos, 2002. - 640 p. - ISBN 5-94010-001-5.
25. Potemkin V. Military sociology or sociology of war / V. K. Potemkin // Telescope: journal of sociological and marketing research. - 2016. - No. 2. - P. 19-26. - EDN VROILD.
26. Pershutkin S.N. Sociology of war: opportunities and problems of use in the study of military conflicts of the 21st century (political and sociological aspects) // Humanitarian problems of military affairs. - 2019. - No. 2(19). - pp. 167-175. - EDN JXGDHL.
27. Bourdieu P. Social space: fields and practice: translation from French / P. Bourdieu; compiled by N. A. Shmatko. - M.: Institute of Experimental Sociology, 2005. - 576 p. - (Gallicinium). - ISBN 5-89329-761-X. - EDN QOENQL.
28. Bauman Z. Freedom. M.: New Edition, 2021. - ISBN: 978-5-98379-261-6.
29. Viktorov A.Sh. Social stratification as structured inequality in the information society // Social stratification in the digital era: on the 130th anniversary of the birth of Pitirim Sorokin: Collection of materials of the XIII International Scientific Conference “Sorokin Readings - 2019. - M.: MAX Press.
30. Tikhonova N.E. Stratification by life chances of the mass strata of modern Russian society // Sociological Research. - 2018. - No. 6(410). - pp. 53-65. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7868/S0132162518060053. - EDN XQOMMP.
31. Ilnitsky A.M. Strategy of mental security of Russia // Military Thought. - 2022. - No. 4. - P. 24-35. - EDN KGURHY.
32. Afanasyev V.G. Social information and social management. - M.: Lenand, 408 p. - ISBN 978-5-9710-9821-8.
33. Petrov M.K. Language. Sign. Culture. - M.:URSS, 2021. - 328 p. - ISBN 978-5-9519-2379-0.
34. Bolotova A.K., Zhukov Yu.M. Psychology of communications. - M.: Publishing house. HSE House, 2015. - 495 p. - ISBN 978-5-7598-1107-7.
35. Castells M. The power of communication: textbook. allowance. - M.: HSE Publishing House, 2020. - 591 p. - ISBN 978-5-7598-2119-9.
36. Keen J. Democracy and media decadence. - M.: HSE Publishing House, 2020. - 312 p. - ISBN 978-5-7598-1202-9.
37. Konetskaya V.P. Sociology of communications. Textbook. - M.: International University of Business and Management, 1997. - 304 p.
38. Grushin B.A. Mass consciousness: Experience of definition and research problems. - M.: Politizdat, 1987. - 368 p.
39. Bernays E. Formation of public opinion. M.: AST, 2023. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-151616-1.
40. Emelyanov G.V., Lepsky V.E., Streltsov A.A. Problems of ensuring information and psychological security of Russia // Information society. - 1999. - No. 3. - P. 47-51. - EDN HRNSOP.
41. Cognition Workshop. Innovative Solutions to Improve Cognition. URL: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/210601%20Cognition%20Workshop%20Report-%20v3.pdf (data dostupa 30.08.2023)
42. Adamyants T.Z. Sociomental groups (SMG) // Sociology of management: theoretical and applied explanatory dictionary / Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Center for Sociology of Management and Social Technologies, Russian Society of Sociologists, Research Committee "Sociologists of Organization and Management", Research Committee "Sociology of Urban and regional development". - M.: KRASAND, 2015. - P. 245-247. - EDN WDYGNC.
43. Adamyants T.Z. Sociomental groups in social cognition // Sociological Research. - 2015. - No. 7(375). - pp. 117-125. - EDN UCFOAN.
44. Shkol'nikov A.Yu. Ocherk o psihoistoricheskih / mental'nyh voynah. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://shkolnikov.info/articles/11-analitika-i-prognozy/106073-ocherk-o-psikhoistoricheskikh-mental-nykh-voynakh (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
45. Hoffman F. Hybrid Warfare and Challenges // JFQ. - 2009. - Issue 52, 1st quarter. - P. 35.
46. Manoylo A.V. Informacionnye voyny i psihologicheskie operacii. Rukovodstvo k deystviyu. - M.: Goryachaya liniya - Telekom, 2023. - 495 c.
47. Nezhdanov I.Yu. Tehnologii informacionnyh voyn v internete. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: http://bash.rosmu.ru/activity/attach/events/1283/01.pdf (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
48. Adam'yanc T.Z. Kommunikacionnye mehanizmy sovremennyh smyslovyh protivostoyaniy // Sociologicheskie issledovaniya. - 2019. - № 3. - S. 98-105. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250004282-3. - EDN ZADYUP.
49. Lepskiy V.E. Metodologicheskiy i filosofskiy analiz razvitiya problematiki upravleniya / V. E. Lepskiy. - M.: Kogito-Centr, 2019. - 340 s. - ISBN 978-5-89353-547-1. - EDN RRKGAO.
50. Fursov A.I. Psihoistoricheskaya voyna. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://izborsk-club.ru/2439 (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
51. Pereslegin S.B. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/522642 (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
52. Kara-Murza S.G. Manipulyaciya soznaniem. - M.: Rodina, 2022. - 464 s. - ISBN 978-5-00180-783-4.
53. Lefevr V.A. Lekcii po teorii refleksivnyh igr / V. A. Lefevr. - M.: Kogito-Centr, 2009. - 218 s. - ISBN 978-5-89353-292-0. - EDN RAXUSB.
54. Vysokov I.E. Psihologiya poznaniya : Uchebnik / I. E. Vysokov. - 1-e izd.. - Moskva : Izdatel'stvo Yurayt, 2019. - 399 s. - (Bakalavr i magistr. Akademicheskiy kurs). - ISBN 978-5-9916-3528-8. - EDN SYLRXU.
55. Luk A.N. Ocherki evristicheskoy psihologii / A. N. Luk. - Moskva : BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, 2013. - 230 s. - ISBN 978-5-9963-2245-9. - EDN SUMLIF.
56. Il'nickiy A.M. Mental'naya voyna Rossii // Voennaya mysl'. - 2021. - № 8. - S. 19-33. - EDN TDSKIX.
57. Losev A., Il'nickiy A. Pochemu russkie ne sdayutsya. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.pnp.ru/politics/pochemu-russkie-ne-sdayutsya.html (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
58. Yanovskiy O. Proekt «Osinyy roy». [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://zavtra.ru/blogs/proekt_osinij_roj (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
59. Claverie B., Cluzel F. The Cognitive Warfare Concept // Innovation Hub Sponsored by NATO Allied Command Transformation. - 2022. - P. 2022-02. URL: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/CW%20article%20Claverie%20du%20Cluzel%20final_0.pdf (data dostupa 29.08.2023)
60. NATO REVIEW. Protivokognitivnaya bor'ba: osvedomlennost' i ustoychivost'. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/ru/articles/2021/05/20/protivokognitivnaya-bor-ba-osvedomlennost-i-ustojchivost/index.html (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
61. NATO Symposium. Cognitive Warfare: The Future of Cognitive Dominance. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Cognitive%20Warfare%20Symposium%20-%20ENSC%20-%20March%202022%20Publication.pdf (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
62. Bernal A., Carter C., Singh I., Cao K., Madreperla O. (2020). Cognitive Warfare An attack on truth and thought. URL: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Cognitive%20Warfare.pdf (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
63. Sweijs T., Osinga F., Zilincik S., Vorm M., Wiltenburg I., Torossian B. The NATO Warfighting Capstone Concept: Key Insights from the Global Expert Symposium Summer 2020 / Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26765 (data dostupa 28.08.2023).
64. Beauchamp-Mustafaga N. Chinese Next-Generation Psychological Warfare: The Military Applications of Emerging Technologies and Implications for the United States, RAND Corporation, RR-A853-1. [Elektronnyy resurs]. - Rezhim dostupa: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA853-1.html (data dostupa 28.08.2023)
65. Makarov E.B. Mental'naya i kognitivnaya voyny: voprosy opredeleniya, celi i sredstva // Informacionnye voyny. - 2023. - № 2(66). - S. 2-7. - EDN RTGEFL.
66. Mills Ch.R. Sociologicheskoe voobrazhenie. M.: ID Nota Bene, 2001. - 264 c. - ISBN: 5-8188-0033-4.
67. Kravchenko A.I. Sociologiya: Obschiy kurs: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov. M.: PERSE; Logos, 2002. - 640 c. - ISBN 5-94010-001-5.
68. Potemkin V. Voennaya sociologiya ili sociologiya voyny / V. K. Potemkin // Teleskop: zhurnal sociologicheskih i marketingovyh issledovaniy. - 2016. - № 2. - S. 19-26. - EDN VROILD.
69. Pershutkin S.N. Sociologiya voyny: vozmozhnosti i problemy ispol'zovaniya v izuchenii voennyh konfliktov XXI veka (politiko-sociologicheskie aspekty) // Gumanitarnye problemy voennogo dela. - 2019. - № 2(19). - S. 167-175. - EDN JXGDHL.
70. Burd'e P. Social'noe prostranstvo: polya i praktika : perevod s francuzskogo yazyka / P. Burd'e ; sostavitel' N. A. Shmatko. - M.: Institut eksperimental'noy sociologii, 2005. - 576 s. - (Gallicinium). - ISBN 5-89329-761-X. - EDN QOENQL.
71. Bauman Z. Svoboda. M.: Novoe Izdanie, 2021. - ISBN: 978-5-98379-261-6.
72. Viktorov A.Sh. Social'naya stratifikaciya kak strukturirovannoe neravenstvo v informacionnom obschestve // Social'naya stratifikaciya v cifrovuyu epohu: k 130-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Pitirima Sorokina: Sbornik materialov XIII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferencii «Sorokinskie chteniya - 2019. - M.: MAKS Press.
73. Tihonova N.E. Stratifikaciya po zhiznennym shansam massovyh sloev sovremennogo rossiyskogo obschestva // Sociologicheskie issledovaniya. - 2018. - № 6(410). - S. 53-65. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7868/S0132162518060053. - EDN XQOMMP.
74. Il'nickiy A.M. Strategiya mental'noy bezopasnosti Rossii // Voennaya mysl'. - 2022. - № 4. - S. 24-35. - EDN KGURHY.
75. Afanas'ev V.G. Social'naya informaciya i upravlenie obschestvom. - M.: Lenand, 408 c. - ISBN 978-5-9710-9821-8.
76. Petrov M.K. Yazyk. Znak. Kul'tura. - M.:URSS, 2021. - 328 c. - ISBN 978-5-9519-2379-0.
77. Bolotova A.K., Zhukov Yu.M. Psihologiya kommunikaciy. - M.: Izd. dom VShE, 2015. - 495 c. - ISBN 978-5-7598-1107-7.
78. Kastel's M. Vlast' kommunikacii: ucheb. posobie. - M.: ID VShE, 2020. - 591 s. - ISBN 978-5-7598-2119-9.
79. Kin Dzh. Demokratiya i dekadans media. - M.: ID VShE, 2020. - 312 s. - ISBN 978-5-7598-1202-9.
80. Koneckaya V.P. Sociologiya kommunikaciy. Uchebnik. - M.: Mezhdunarodnyy universitet biznesa i upravleniya, 1997. - 304 s.
81. Grushin B.A. Massovoe soznanie: Opyt opredeleniya i problemy issledovaniya. - M.: Politizdat, 1987. - 368 s.
82. Berneys E. Formirovaniya obschestvennogo mneniya. M.: AST, 2023. - 224 s. - ISBN 978-5-17-151616-1.
83. Emel'yanov G.V., Lepskiy V.E., Strel'cov A.A. Problemy obespecheniya informacionno- psihologicheskoy bezopasnosti Rossii // Informacionnoe obschestvo. - 1999. - № 3. - S. 47-51. - EDN HRNSOP.
84. Cognition Workshop. Innovative Solutions to Improve Cognition. URL: https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/210601%20Cognition%20Workshop%20Report-%20v3.pdf (data dostupa 30.08.2023)
85. Adam'yanc T.Z. Sociomental'nye gruppy (SMG) // Sociologiya upravleniya: teoretiko-prikladnoy tolkovyy slovar' / Institut sociologii RAN, Centr sociologii upravleniya i social'nyh tehnologiy, Rossiyskoe obschestvo sociologov, Nauchno-issledovatel'skiy komitet "Sociologi organizacii i upravleniya", Nauchno-issledovatel'skiy komitet "Sociologiya gorodskogo i regional'nogo razvitiya". - M.: KRASAND, 2015. - S. 245-247. - EDN WDYGNC.
86. Adam'yanc T.Z. Sociomental'nye gruppy v social'nom poznanii // Sociologicheskie issledovaniya. - 2015. - № 7(375). - S. 117-125. - EDN UCFOAN.
